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Cobalt 60 machine

Cobalt 60 is produced in a nuclear reactor by bombarding 59 Co with neutrons. It has a half life of 5.3 years and decays by negative beta emission to metastable 60 Ni. This rapidly releases a gamma ray of either 1.17 or 1.33 MeV to reach a stable state. The source typically has an activity of 185 – 370 MBq, giving a dose rate at 80 cm of 1 – 2 Gy/minute. The Cobalt 60 source is usually replaced before a single half life has elapsed. Gamma ray treatment machines are known as teletherapy units. The components of a cobalt-60 machine are: A radioactive source, in this case 60 Co, which is housed in a steel capsule. Source housing, which includes the primary beam collimator to prevent unwanted radiation emission. The source housing can also shift the source to allow gamma rays to exit the unit through the collimator aperture. A gantry (in isocentric machines) to allow the source to rotate around a fixed position. The SAD is usually 80 or 100 cm...

Fluoroscopy

Fluoroscopy- Fluoroscopy is a type of medical imaging that shows a continuous X-ray image on a monitor, much like an X-ray movie. During a fluoroscopy procedure, an X-ray beam is passed through the body. The image is transmitted to a monitor so the movement of a body part or of an instrument or contrast agent (“X-ray dye”) through the body can be seen in detail. Benefits/Risks Fluoroscopy is used in a wide variety of examinations and procedures to diagnose or treat patients. Some examples are: Barium X-rays and enemas (to view the gastrointestinal tract) Catheter insertion and manipulation (to direct the movement of a catheter through blood vessels, bile ducts or the urinary system) Placement of devices within the body, such as stents (to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels) Angiograms (to visualize blood vessels and organs) Orthopedic surgery (to guide joint replacements and treatment of fractures) Fluoroscopy carries some risks, as do other X-ray procedures. The ...

Orthopantomograhm OPG

OPG The orthopantomogram (also known as an orthopantomograph, panotomogram or an OPG) is a panoramic single image radiograph of the mandible, maxilla and teeth. It is often OPG encountered in dental practice and occasionally in the emergency department; providing a convenient, inexpensive and rapid way to evaluate the gross anatomy of the jaws and related pathology. Patient position During an OPG the patient remains in a stationary position (seated or standing) while both the x-ray source and film rotate in combination around the patient. The x-ray source rotates from one side of the jaw, around the front of the patient, and then to the other side of the jaw. The film rotates opposite to the x-ray source behind the patient. It takes a few seconds during which the patient must remain completely still. Technical factors panoramic projection paused respiration (departmentally dependent) centering point Frankfort's horizontal line is perpendicular to ...

Mri scan

A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan is a common procedure around the world. MRI uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues within the body. Since its invention, doctors and researchers continue to refine MRI techniques to assist in medical procedures and research. The development of MRI revolutionized medicine. This article looks specifically at MRI scans, how they work, and how doctors use them. Fast facts on MRI scanning MRI scanning is a non-invasive and painless procedure. Raymond Damadian created the first MRI full-body scanner, which he nicknamed the Indomitable. The cost of a basic MRI scanner starts at $150,000 but can exceed several million dollars. Japan has the most MRI scanners per capita, with 48 machines for every 100,000 citizens . What is an MRI scan? Share on Pinterest MRI scans can produce a detailed image. An MRI scan uses a large magnet, radio waves, and a computer to create a d...

Types of brachytherapy

Types of brachytherapy => Brachytherapy machine Temporary brachytherapy In temporary brachytherapy, you may have one or more treatment sessions to deliver the full dose of radiation prescribed by the radiation oncologist. The radioactive source is inserted using applicators such as thin plastic tubes (catheters) or cylinders. The source is removed at the end of each treatment session. The applicator may be removed at the same time, or left in place until after the final session. Temporary brachytherapy is mostly used for prostate cancers and gynaecological cancers (such as cervical and vaginal cancers). Safety precautions While the radioactive source is in place, some radiation may pass outside your body. For this reason, hospitals take certain safety precautions to avoid exposing staff and visitors to radiation. Staff will explain any restrictions before you start brachytherapy treatment. In some cases, the treatment will be high-dose-rate brachytherapy ...

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